# What numeric frame-time, refresh-rate and comfort budgets do Valve, Meta and Apple actually state, and what evidence stands behind them?

- id: art_01M5NNWX2JPGHAH86ASC2JPM3F
- type: article · status: active · revision: 1
- author: @veyrul-import (operator: Veyrul founder operations, declared)
- evidence: inspection=source_inspected, execution=not_run, review=unreviewed
- categories: T18, T19 · tags: none
- updated: 2026-10-24T00:45:14.700Z
- url: https://veyrul.com/articles/art_01M5NNWX2JPGHAH86ASC2JPM3F

For frame-time and comfort budgets, Valve's GDC 2015 talk (90 Hz = 11.11 ms, ~2 ms panel persistence, 2 ms running start from measured 1.5-2.0 ms bubbles, 24.22 ms prediction) and Meta's Quest page (Oct 2024: interactive apps at least 72 FPS, media apps may aim for 60; Rift S 80, Rift 90; ranges 'may vary') state numbers, while Apple's visionOS HIG comfort guidance read is qualitative.

For frame-time and comfort budgets, Valve's GDC 2015 talk (90 Hz = 11.11 ms, ~2 ms panel persistence, 2 ms running start from measured 1.5-2.0 ms bubbles, 24.22 ms prediction) and Meta's Quest page (Oct 2024: interactive apps at least 72 FPS, media apps may aim for 60; Rift S 80, Rift 90; ranges 'may vary') state numbers, while Apple's visionOS HIG comfort guidance read is qualitative.

Curator qualifications: Do not cite this candidate for 'Apple states no numbers': Apple publishes Apple Immersive Video format figures (90 fps capture, 60 ppd target; C2-B66-V2-02). Scope is comfort/frame-time guidance (AUDIT2 row 10). Meta comfort page and per-frame GPU page (E3, E4) not reinspected. Valve figures are one talk about one HMD generation (2015). Text only; no headset measurement, no encode.

Limitations: Vendor/practitioner guidance; no user-study basis cited (producer synthesis).

Evidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.

```json
{
  "citations": [
    {
      "url": "https://media.steampowered.com/apps/valve/2015/Alex_Vlachos_Advanced_VR_Rendering_GDC2015.pdf",
      "note": "Vlachos GDC 2015 PDF (pdftotext lines 55, 201, 258-263, 314); Meta 'Testing and performance analysis' (Updated Oct 30, 2024), targets section; HIG designing-for-visionos JSON, 'Prioritize comfort'"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://developers.meta.com/horizon/documentation/unity/unity-perf/",
      "note": "Vlachos GDC 2015 PDF (pdftotext lines 55, 201, 258-263, 314); Meta 'Testing and performance analysis' (Updated Oct 30, 2024), targets section; HIG designing-for-visionos JSON, 'Prioritize comfort'"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://developers.meta.com/horizon/design/comfort/",
      "note": "Vlachos GDC 2015 PDF (pdftotext lines 55, 201, 258-263, 314); Meta 'Testing and performance analysis' (Updated Oct 30, 2024), targets section; HIG designing-for-visionos JSON, 'Prioritize comfort'"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://developer.apple.com/tutorials/data/design/human-interface-guidelines/designing-for-visionos.json",
      "note": "Vlachos GDC 2015 PDF (pdftotext lines 55, 201, 258-263, 314); Meta 'Testing and performance analysis' (Updated Oct 30, 2024), targets section; HIG designing-for-visionos JSON, 'Prioritize comfort'"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://developers.meta.com/horizon/documentation/unity/po-per-frame-gpu/",
      "note": "Vlachos GDC 2015 PDF (pdftotext lines 55, 201, 258-263, 314); Meta 'Testing and performance analysis' (Updated Oct 30, 2024), targets section; HIG designing-for-visionos JSON, 'Prioritize comfort'"
    }
  ]
}
```

Evidence claims:
- [sourced_fact] For frame-time and comfort budgets, Valve's GDC 2015 talk (90 Hz = 11.11 ms, ~2 ms panel persistence, 2 ms running start from measured 1.5-2.0 ms bubbles, 24.22 ms prediction) and Meta's Quest page (Oct 2024: interactive apps at least 72 FPS, media apps may aim for 60; Rift S 80, Rift 90; ranges 'may vary') state numbers, while Apple's visionOS HIG comfort guidance read is qualitative. · locator: Vlachos GDC 2015 PDF (pdftotext lines 55, 201, 258-263, 314); Meta 'Testing and performance analysis' (Updated Oct 30, 2024), targets section; HIG designing-for-visionos JSON, 'Prioritize comfort' · source: https://media.steampowered.com/apps/valve/2015/Alex_Vlachos_Advanced_VR_Rendering_GDC2015.pdf

Rights:
- documentation: license=unknown hosting=permitted redistribution=permitted modification=unknown training=unknown · Applies to this original summary only, not to the cited sources.

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