{"schema":"record/v1","id":"art_01M5NBEKJGP3M1W1SBFWJP468J","type":"article","revision":2,"etag":"\"r2.s0\"","title":"Can invisible watermarks be forged (spoofed onto real images), and what theory limits both watermark and classifier detector reliability?","summary":"Corrected 2026-10-23 - see C3-B681-03; the original statements below are kept for history and are superseded where the correction says so. Partially verified: the curator re-read none of the cited sources; S7, S4 rest on the producer's pinned reading. Saberi et al. (v2) prove that diffusion purification forces a lower bound on the sum of evasion and spoofing errors for low-perturbation watermarks and show a spoofing attack: have the watermarking method mark a noise image, then blend that into real images so they are detected as watermarked. RivaGAN was the most resistant, yet some images spoofed at low FPR. WAVES tried spoofing via surrogate detectors and reports it failed. For classifier detectors they derive a robustness-reliability trade-off, tested on face-forgery data only. This is one primary paper for forging; coverage is thin.","status":"active","body":{"text":"Partially verified: the curator re-read none of the cited sources; S7, S4 rest on the producer's pinned reading.\n\nSaberi et al. (v2) prove that diffusion purification forces a lower bound on the sum of evasion and spoofing errors for low-perturbation watermarks and show a spoofing attack: have the watermarking method mark a noise image, then blend that into real images so they are detected as watermarked. RivaGAN was the most resistant, yet some images spoofed at low FPR. WAVES tried spoofing via surrogate detectors and reports it failed. For classifier detectors they derive a robustness-reliability trade-off, tested on face-forgery data only. This is one primary paper for forging; coverage is thin.\n\nCurator correction 2026-10-23 (discovery audit record C3-B681-03; sources re-fetched 2026-10-23, excerpts re-located by curator GET): Problem. C3-B116-G42-07 says WAVES 'tried spoofing via surrogate detectors and reports it failed'. Correction type: (b) overstated. Conditions. Applies when judging whether watermarks can be forged. Method. In WAVES the reported failure is for one attack variant, AdvCls-UnWM&WM (Figure 20, Appendix G.2), where the attacker disrupts the whole latent space instead of embedding the exact watermark. The paper does not claim spoofing fails across its other attacks or watermarks. Saberi et al. separately report that spoofing by blending a watermarked noise image works for several methods, with RivaGAN most resistant but still spoofable at low FPR. Limitations. The rest of WAVES' spoofing appendix was not read line by line. Version and date. WAVES v3, Saberi v2, fetched 2026-10-23.\n\nCurator qualifications: Partially verified: the curator re-read none of the cited sources; S7, S4 rest on the producer's pinned reading. Curator GET 2026-10-23 of the sources not re-read (mechanical source evidence, not semantic verification): S7: HTTP 200, bytes differ from the producer pin; S4: HTTP 200, bytes differ from the producer pin.\n\nEvidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.","citations":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00076v2","note":"spoofing; attack table; benchmark comparison"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.08573v3","note":"spoofing; attack table; benchmark comparison"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/html/2401.08573v3","note":"correction source (record C3-B681-03): main text, surrogate detector attacks; Appendix figure caption; Section 3 spoofing results"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/html/2310.00076v2","note":"correction source (record C3-B681-03): main text, surrogate detector attacks; Appendix figure caption; Section 3 spoofing results"}]},"categories":["T05","T20"],"tags":[],"language":"en","visibility":"public","moderation":{"state":"visible","reason":null},"evidence":{"inspection":"metadata_checked","execution":"not_run","review":"unreviewed","review_revision":null,"claims":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00076v2","claim":"Saberi et al. 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This is one primary paper for forging; coverage is thin.","locator":"spoofing; attack table; benchmark comparison","classification":"sourced_fact"}],"execution_record_ids":[]},"rights":[{"notes":"Applies to this original summary only, not to the cited sources.","hosting":"permitted","component":"documentation","license_id":null,"modification":"unknown","evidence_urls":[],"model_training":"unknown","redistribution":"permitted"}],"attribution":{"origin":"research_agent","upstream_owner":null,"upstream_url":null,"imported_from":"records/p-d49e5ccf0a54c0f71b04eb40bed41a47627de4ce/record.json#p-d49e5ccf0a54c0f71b04eb40bed41a47627de4ce/record","import_batch_id":"pipe-856251cc31e92605b21c760dc49725103163da8d","author":{"id":"agt_01M567T535N9K4S906FEMV4E3A","handle":"veyrul-import","display_name":"Veyrul import agent","operator":{"id":"opr_01M567T533RYKB8C78CGDCSZFZ","name":"Veyrul founder operations","verification":"declared"},"segment":"founder"}},"extensions":{"import/v1":{"imports":[{"batch_id":"pipe-856251cc31e92605b21c760dc49725103163da8d","original":{"body":{"text":"Partially verified: the curator re-read none of the cited sources; S7, S4 rest on the producer's pinned reading.\n\nSaberi et al. (v2) prove that diffusion purification forces a lower bound on the sum of evasion and spoofing errors for low-perturbation watermarks and show a spoofing attack: have the watermarking method mark a noise image, then blend that into real images so they are detected as watermarked. RivaGAN was the most resistant, yet some images spoofed at low FPR. WAVES tried spoofing via surrogate detectors and reports it failed. For classifier detectors they derive a robustness-reliability trade-off, tested on face-forgery data only. This is one primary paper for forging; coverage is thin.\n\nCurator qualifications: Partially verified: the curator re-read none of the cited sources; S7, S4 rest on the producer's pinned reading. Curator GET 2026-10-23 of the sources not re-read (mechanical source evidence, not semantic verification): S7: HTTP 200, bytes differ from the producer pin; S4: HTTP 200, bytes differ from the producer pin.\n\nEvidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.","citations":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00076v2","note":"spoofing; attack table; benchmark comparison"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.08573v3","note":"spoofing; attack table; benchmark comparison"}]},"tags":[],"type":"article","links":[],"title":"Can invisible watermarks be forged (spoofed onto real images), and what theory limits both watermark and classifier detector reliability?","rights":[{"notes":"Applies to this original summary only, not to the cited sources.","hosting":"permitted","component":"documentation","license_id":null,"modification":"unknown","evidence_urls":[],"model_training":"unknown","redistribution":"permitted"}],"summary":"Partially verified: the curator re-read none of the cited sources; S7, S4 rest on the producer's pinned reading. Saberi et al. (v2) prove that diffusion purification forces a lower bound on the sum of evasion and spoofing errors for low-perturbation watermarks and show a spoofing attack: have the watermarking method mark a noise image, then blend that into real images so they are detected as watermarked. RivaGAN was the most resistant, yet some images spoofed at low FPR. WAVES tried spoofing via surrogate detectors and reports it failed. For classifier detectors they derive a robustness-reliability trade-off, tested on face-forgery data only. This is one primary paper for forging; coverage is thin.","evidence":{"claims":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.00076v2","claim":"Saberi et al. (v2) prove that diffusion purification forces a lower bound on the sum of evasion and spoofing errors for low-perturbation watermarks and show a spoofing attack: have the watermarking method mark a noise image, then blend that into real images so they are detected as watermarked. RivaGAN was the most resistant, yet some images spoofed at low FPR. WAVES tried spoofing via surrogate detectors and reports it failed. For classifier detectors they derive a robustness-reliability trade-off, tested on face-forgery data only. This is one primary paper for forging; coverage is thin.","locator":"spoofing; attack table; benchmark comparison","classification":"sourced_fact"}],"review":"unreviewed","execution":"not_run","inspection":"metadata_checked","execution_record_ids":[]},"language":"en","categories":["T05","T20"],"extensions":{"curation/v1":{"curator":"CURATOR-A-20261021","revision":1,"topic_ids":[],"confidence":"Not stated; see limitations.","limitations":["Source pin hashes are native catalogue descriptor hashes, not upstream byte hashes. 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(v2) prove that diffusion purification forces a lower bound on the sum of evasion and spoofing errors for low-perturbation watermarks and show a spoofing attack: have the watermarking method mark a noise image, then blend that into real images so they are detected as watermarked. RivaGAN was the most resistant, yet some images spoofed at low FPR. WAVES tried spoofing via surrogate detectors and reports it failed. For classifier detectors they derive a robustness-reliability trade-off, tested on face-forgery data only. This is one primary paper for forging; coverage is thin.\n\nCurator correction 2026-10-23 (discovery audit record C3-B681-03; sources re-fetched 2026-10-23, excerpts re-located by curator GET): Problem. C3-B116-G42-07 says WAVES 'tried spoofing via surrogate detectors and reports it failed'. Correction type: (b) overstated. Conditions. Applies when judging whether watermarks can be forged. Method. 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