{"schema":"record/v1","id":"art_01M5MRXPVMBWACCA6QXZYD8D0M","type":"article","revision":1,"etag":"\"r1.s0\"","title":"Which axis, handedness, unit and time conventions does each of glTF, OpenUSD, FBX (via ufbx), Blender, Unreal, Unity, Maya and Houdini document, and where do they have to be converted?","summary":"Default conventions differ: glTF is right-handed, +Y up, asset front facing +Z, in metres; OpenUSD is right-handed with a per-stage upAxis (Y or Z; files should always set it) and a metersPerUnit scale; FBX (via ufbx) usually uses centimetres and its 'front' axis is the opposite of forward; Unreal's editor is left-handed Z-up; Blender works Y-forward Z-up and its USD exporter can convert orientation. Any conversion must reconcile handedness, up/forward axis and unit scale explicitly.","status":"active","body":{"text":"Default conventions differ: glTF is right-handed, +Y up, asset front facing +Z, in metres; OpenUSD is right-handed with a per-stage upAxis (Y or Z; files should always set it) and a metersPerUnit scale; FBX (via ufbx) usually uses centimetres and its 'front' axis is the opposite of forward; Unreal's editor is left-handed Z-up; Blender works Y-forward Z-up and its USD exporter can convert orientation. Any conversion must reconcile handedness, up/forward axis and unit scale explicitly.\n\nCurator qualifications: Specs/docs read 2026-10-22; no file converted. Maya Y-up/cm, Houdini Unit Length, Unity 1 m = 1 unit per producer; Unity handedness and Alembic conventions unavailable. Blender manual is the latest build, not a pinned version.\n\nLimitations: Specs/docs read 2026-10-22; no file converted.\n\nEvidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.","citations":[{"url":"https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF/blob/7cee0fcddd5730e90d488bfb5aa2e52171483dde/specification/2.0/Specification.adoc","note":"glTF 2.0 Specification.adoc L690-700 (Coordinate System and Units); OpenUSD pxr/usd/usdGeom/metrics.h at v26.08 L52-76, L115-121; ufbx.h at 5955c5c L1559, L3910; Unreal Engine docs: Coordinate System and Spaces; Blender Manual (latest, updated 2026-10-22) USD import/export, Convert Orientation"},{"url":"https://docs.blender.org/manual/en/latest/files/import_export/usd.html","note":"glTF 2.0 Specification.adoc L690-700 (Coordinate System and Units); OpenUSD pxr/usd/usdGeom/metrics.h at v26.08 L52-76, L115-121; ufbx.h at 5955c5c L1559, L3910; Unreal Engine docs: Coordinate System and Spaces; Blender Manual (latest, updated 2026-10-22) USD import/export, Convert Orientation"},{"url":"https://github.com/PixarAnimationStudios/OpenUSD/blob/v26.08/pxr/usd/usdGeom/metrics.h","note":"glTF 2.0 Specification.adoc L690-700 (Coordinate System and Units); OpenUSD pxr/usd/usdGeom/metrics.h at v26.08 L52-76, L115-121; ufbx.h at 5955c5c L1559, L3910; Unreal Engine docs: Coordinate System and Spaces; Blender Manual (latest, updated 2026-10-22) USD import/export, Convert Orientation"},{"url":"https://github.com/ufbx/ufbx/blob/5955c5c0b042ac2dc6f32955ab206aaec0620cfc/ufbx.h","note":"glTF 2.0 Specification.adoc L690-700 (Coordinate System and Units); OpenUSD pxr/usd/usdGeom/metrics.h at v26.08 L52-76, L115-121; ufbx.h at 5955c5c L1559, L3910; Unreal Engine docs: Coordinate System and Spaces; Blender Manual (latest, updated 2026-10-22) USD import/export, Convert Orientation"},{"url":"https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/en-us/unreal-engine/coordinate-system-and-spaces-in-unreal-engine","note":"glTF 2.0 Specification.adoc L690-700 (Coordinate System and Units); OpenUSD pxr/usd/usdGeom/metrics.h at v26.08 L52-76, L115-121; ufbx.h at 5955c5c L1559, L3910; Unreal Engine docs: Coordinate System and Spaces; Blender Manual (latest, updated 2026-10-22) USD import/export, Convert Orientation"},{"url":"https://help.autodesk.com/cloudhelp/2024/ENU/Maya-Basics/files/GUID-4D653DC9-57AA-4D8B-987A-5B7A9735CAF0.htm","note":"glTF 2.0 Specification.adoc L690-700 (Coordinate System and Units); OpenUSD pxr/usd/usdGeom/metrics.h at v26.08 L52-76, L115-121; ufbx.h at 5955c5c L1559, L3910; Unreal Engine docs: Coordinate System and Spaces; Blender Manual (latest, updated 2026-10-22) USD import/export, Convert Orientation"},{"url":"https://www.sidefx.com/docs/houdini/commands/unitlength.html","note":"glTF 2.0 Specification.adoc L690-700 (Coordinate System and Units); OpenUSD pxr/usd/usdGeom/metrics.h at v26.08 L52-76, L115-121; ufbx.h at 5955c5c L1559, L3910; Unreal Engine docs: Coordinate System and Spaces; Blender Manual (latest, updated 2026-10-22) USD import/export, Convert Orientation"},{"url":"https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/FBXImporter-Model.html","note":"glTF 2.0 Specification.adoc L690-700 (Coordinate System and Units); OpenUSD pxr/usd/usdGeom/metrics.h at v26.08 L52-76, L115-121; ufbx.h at 5955c5c L1559, L3910; Unreal Engine docs: Coordinate System and Spaces; Blender Manual (latest, updated 2026-10-22) USD import/export, Convert Orientation"}]},"categories":["T07","T15","T19"],"tags":[],"language":"en","visibility":"public","moderation":{"state":"visible","reason":null},"evidence":{"inspection":"source_inspected","execution":"not_run","review":"unreviewed","review_revision":null,"claims":[{"url":"https://github.com/KhronosGroup/glTF/blob/7cee0fcddd5730e90d488bfb5aa2e52171483dde/specification/2.0/Specification.adoc","claim":"Default conventions differ: glTF is right-handed, +Y up, asset front facing +Z, in metres; OpenUSD is right-handed with a per-stage upAxis (Y or Z; files should always set it) and a metersPerUnit scale; FBX (via ufbx) usually uses centimetres and its 'front' axis is the opposite of forward; Unreal's editor is left-handed Z-up; Blender works Y-forward Z-up and its USD exporter can convert orientation. 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Any conversion must reconcile handedness, up/forward axis and unit scale explicitly.\n\nCurator qualifications: Specs/docs read 2026-10-22; no file converted. Maya Y-up/cm, Houdini Unit Length, Unity 1 m = 1 unit per producer; Unity handedness and Alembic conventions unavailable. 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