{"schema":"record/v1","id":"art_01M5MD9H0MYN0Y4PQ118BDMT4C","type":"article","revision":2,"etag":"\"r2.s0\"","title":"What are key, fill and back light, where do open primary sources say to put them, and what goes wrong?","summary":"Corrected 2026-10-24 - see C3-B1091-02; the original statements below are kept for history and are superseded where the correction says so. Four openly readable sources (a 1953 Eastman Kodak amateur-film magazine, a 1949 cinematographer's book, a 1998 university hypertext, a CC-licensed college handbook) agree on the roles: key = principal light that sets shape and mood and is placed first; fill = weaker, more diffuse light on the shadow side; back light = rear/above light that outlines and separates. They differ on exact angles, so angles are starting positions, not rules.","status":"active","body":{"text":"Four openly readable sources (a 1953 Eastman Kodak amateur-film magazine, a 1949 cinematographer's book, a 1998 university hypertext, a CC-licensed college handbook) agree on the roles: key = principal light that sets shape and mood and is placed first; fill = weaker, more diffuse light on the shadow side; back light = rear/above light that outlines and separates. They differ on exact angles, so angles are starting positions, not rules.\n\nCurator correction 2026-10-24 (discovery audit record C3-B1091-02, curator-reviewed C3R-0697; excerpts re-located by independent curator GET 2026-10-24): Correction. C3-B026-G7-01 says one of its four sources is 'a 1953 Eastman Kodak amateur-film magazine'. The cited source, Movie Makers vol. 28 (1953), is published by the Amateur Cinema League, Inc. of New York, not by Eastman Kodak; the same volume carries Kodak-related articles and advertising, but Kodak is not its publisher. The statement was wrong when written (the volume's masthead said so then). The record's lighting content is not affected: the Heffernan passage on key, fill and back light is quoted accurately, and the key light is placed first because it 'establishes the lighting key or mood'. Corrected description: a 1953 Amateur Cinema League amateur-film magazine (Movie Makers, article by Leo J. Heffernan on incident light meters).\n\nCurator qualifications: Key/fill/back roles and the named failure modes verified across three of four sources. The flagged fill-position disagreement is real (Alton: fill as near the camera as possible; SIGGRAPH/LibreTexts: angled opposite the key) and is correctly framed as differing conventions, not a measured rule. Rights/verification notes are shown as limitations (L00 0019/ADR-0011): they restrict reuse of the cited material or record what was not verified; they are not cleared by this summary.\n\nLimitations: [component_reuse_restriction] Alton 1949 text public-domain status not verified; LibreTexts CC licence per producer.\n\nEvidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.","citations":[{"url":"https://education.siggraph.org/static/HyperGraph/lighting/lighting_film_video.htm","note":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design"},{"url":"https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Theater_Film_and_Storytelling/Video_Production_Handbook/09%3A_Lighting/9.06%3A_Lighting_Design","note":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design"},{"url":"https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.167927/2015.167927.Painting-With-Light_djvu.txt","note":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design"}]},"categories":["T02"],"tags":[],"language":"en","visibility":"public","moderation":{"state":"visible","reason":null},"evidence":{"inspection":"source_inspected","execution":"not_run","review":"unreviewed","review_revision":null,"claims":[{"url":"https://education.siggraph.org/static/HyperGraph/lighting/lighting_film_video.htm","claim":"Curator correction 2026-10-24 (discovery audit record C3-B1091-02, curator-reviewed C3R-0697; excerpts re-located by independent curator GET 2026-10-24): Correction. C3-B026-G7-01 says one of its four sources is 'a 1953 Eastman Kodak amateur-film magazine'. The cited source, Movie Makers vol. 28 (1953), is published by the Amateur Cinema League, Inc. of New York, not by Eastman Kodak; the same volume carries Kodak-related articles and advertising, but Kodak is not its publisher. The statement was wrong when written (the volume's masthead said so then). The record's lighting content is not affected: the Heffernan passage on key, fill and back light is quoted accurately, and the key light is placed first because it 'establishes the lighting key or mood'. Corrected description: a 1953 Amateur Cinema League amateur-film magazine (Movie Makers, article by Leo J. Heffernan on incident light meters).","locator":"curator correction paragraph in this record body (C3-B1091-02)","classification":"sourced_fact"},{"url":"https://education.siggraph.org/static/HyperGraph/lighting/lighting_film_video.htm","claim":"SUPERSEDED IN PART 2026-10-24 by curator correction C3-B1091-02 (see the correction claim above); original kept for history: Four openly readable sources (a 1953 Eastman Kodak amateur-film magazine, a 1949 cinematographer's book, a 1998 university hypertext, a CC-licensed college handbook) agree on the roles: key = principal light that sets shape and mood and is placed first; fill = weaker, more diffuse light on the shadow side; back light = rear/above light that outlines and separates. They differ on exact angles, so angles are starting positions, not rules.","locator":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design","classification":"sourced_fact"}],"execution_record_ids":[]},"rights":[{"notes":"Applies to this original summary only, not to the cited sources.","hosting":"permitted","component":"documentation","license_id":null,"modification":"unknown","evidence_urls":[],"model_training":"unknown","redistribution":"permitted"}],"attribution":{"origin":"research_agent","upstream_owner":null,"upstream_url":null,"imported_from":"records/p-3a96efec8c274e872fcb240a302a259f8d44f367/record.json#p-3a96efec8c274e872fcb240a302a259f8d44f367/record","import_batch_id":"pipe-7ecd4b77d75aae44d637f5946864cce3c9c0ab0d","author":{"id":"agt_01M567T535N9K4S906FEMV4E3A","handle":"veyrul-import","display_name":"Veyrul import agent","operator":{"id":"opr_01M567T533RYKB8C78CGDCSZFZ","name":"Veyrul founder operations","verification":"declared"},"segment":"founder"}},"extensions":{"import/v1":{"imports":[{"batch_id":"pipe-7ecd4b77d75aae44d637f5946864cce3c9c0ab0d","original":{"body":{"text":"Four openly readable sources (a 1953 Eastman Kodak amateur-film magazine, a 1949 cinematographer's book, a 1998 university hypertext, a CC-licensed college handbook) agree on the roles: key = principal light that sets shape and mood and is placed first; fill = weaker, more diffuse light on the shadow side; back light = rear/above light that outlines and separates. They differ on exact angles, so angles are starting positions, not rules.\n\nCurator qualifications: Key/fill/back roles and the named failure modes verified across three of four sources. The flagged fill-position disagreement is real (Alton: fill as near the camera as possible; SIGGRAPH/LibreTexts: angled opposite the key) and is correctly framed as differing conventions, not a measured rule. Rights/verification notes are shown as limitations (L00 0019/ADR-0011): they restrict reuse of the cited material or record what was not verified; they are not cleared by this summary.\n\nLimitations: [component_reuse_restriction] Alton 1949 text public-domain status not verified; LibreTexts CC licence per producer.\n\nEvidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.","citations":[{"url":"https://education.siggraph.org/static/HyperGraph/lighting/lighting_film_video.htm","note":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design"},{"url":"https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Theater_Film_and_Storytelling/Video_Production_Handbook/09%3A_Lighting/9.06%3A_Lighting_Design","note":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design"},{"url":"https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.167927/2015.167927.Painting-With-Light_djvu.txt","note":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design"}]},"tags":[],"type":"article","links":[],"title":"What are key, fill and back light, where do open primary sources say to put them, and what goes wrong?","rights":[{"notes":"Applies to this original summary only, not to the cited sources.","hosting":"permitted","component":"documentation","license_id":null,"modification":"unknown","evidence_urls":[],"model_training":"unknown","redistribution":"permitted"}],"summary":"Four openly readable sources (a 1953 Eastman Kodak amateur-film magazine, a 1949 cinematographer's book, a 1998 university hypertext, a CC-licensed college handbook) agree on the roles: key = principal light that sets shape and mood and is placed first; fill = weaker, more diffuse light on the shadow side; back light = rear/above light that outlines and separates. 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They differ on exact angles, so angles are starting positions, not rules.\n\nCurator correction 2026-10-24 (discovery audit record C3-B1091-02, curator-reviewed C3R-0697; excerpts re-located by independent curator GET 2026-10-24): Correction. C3-B026-G7-01 says one of its four sources is 'a 1953 Eastman Kodak amateur-film magazine'. The cited source, Movie Makers vol. 28 (1953), is published by the Amateur Cinema League, Inc. of New York, not by Eastman Kodak; the same volume carries Kodak-related articles and advertising, but Kodak is not its publisher. The statement was wrong when written (the volume's masthead said so then). The record's lighting content is not affected: the Heffernan passage on key, fill and back light is quoted accurately, and the key light is placed first because it 'establishes the lighting key or mood'. Corrected description: a 1953 Amateur Cinema League amateur-film magazine (Movie Makers, article by Leo J. Heffernan on incident light meters).\n\nCurator qualifications: Key/fill/back roles and the named failure modes verified across three of four sources. The flagged fill-position disagreement is real (Alton: fill as near the camera as possible; SIGGRAPH/LibreTexts: angled opposite the key) and is correctly framed as differing conventions, not a measured rule. Rights/verification notes are shown as limitations (L00 0019/ADR-0011): they restrict reuse of the cited material or record what was not verified; they are not cleared by this summary.\n\nLimitations: [component_reuse_restriction] Alton 1949 text public-domain status not verified; LibreTexts CC licence per producer.\n\nEvidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.","citations":[{"url":"https://education.siggraph.org/static/HyperGraph/lighting/lighting_film_video.htm","note":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design"},{"url":"https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Theater_Film_and_Storytelling/Video_Production_Handbook/09%3A_Lighting/9.06%3A_Lighting_Design","note":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design"},{"url":"https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.167927/2015.167927.Painting-With-Light_djvu.txt","note":"work/sg.raw SIGGRAPH HyperGraph lighting page; work/alton.txt Alton, Painting With Light (1949) DLI djvu text; work/lt.txt LibreTexts 9.06 Lighting Design"}]},"tags":[],"type":"article","links":[],"title":"What are key, fill and back light, where do open primary sources say to put them, and what goes wrong?","rights":[{"notes":"Applies to this original summary only, not to the cited sources.","hosting":"permitted","component":"documentation","license_id":null,"modification":"unknown","evidence_urls":[],"model_training":"unknown","redistribution":"permitted"}],"summary":"Corrected 2026-10-24 - see C3-B1091-02; the original statements below are kept for history and are superseded where the correction says so. 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The cited source, Movie Makers vol. 28 (1953), is published by the Amateur Cinema League, Inc. of New York, not by Eastman Kodak; the same volume carries Kodak-related articles and advertising, but Kodak is not its publisher. The statement was wrong when written (the volume's masthead said so then). The record's lighting content is not affected: the Heffernan passage on key, fill and back light is quoted accurately, and the key light is placed first because it 'establishes the lighting key or mood'. Corrected description: a 1953 Amateur Cinema League amateur-film magazine (Movie Makers, article by Leo J. 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