{"schema":"record/v1","id":"art_01M5MCXS2FZZT2Y6S7D3448BM8","type":"article","revision":1,"etag":"\"r1.s0\"","title":"What is the Kuleshov effect, and what do the open-access experiments say an editor can and cannot rely on?","summary":"The 1920s footage is lost and the contemporary accounts conflict, so the classic claim rests on modern experiments. In the five open-access experiments read (Mobbs 2006, Calbi 2017, Mullennix 2019, Cao 2024, Szaszko & Loebus 2026) an emotional context shot shifted ratings of an unchanged neutral face, but the pattern is narrower than the folklore: valence shifts are the most repeated result, negative or fear contexts shift ratings more reliably than happy ones, forced emotion-label results are mixed, and the most tightly controlled recent study found only tiny valence shifts and no label shift. An editor can treat context as a modest, direction-of-valence bias to be tested with viewers, not as a guarantee that viewers will name a particular emotion. Barratt et al. 2016 (the best-known replication) is paywalled; only its abstract was read.","status":"active","body":{"text":"The 1920s footage is lost and the contemporary accounts conflict, so the classic claim rests on modern experiments. In the five open-access experiments read (Mobbs 2006, Calbi 2017, Mullennix 2019, Cao 2024, Szaszko & Loebus 2026) an emotional context shot shifted ratings of an unchanged neutral face, but the pattern is narrower than the folklore: valence shifts are the most repeated result, negative or fear contexts shift ratings more reliably than happy ones, forced emotion-label results are mixed, and the most tightly controlled recent study found only tiny valence shifts and no label shift. An editor can treat context as a modest, direction-of-valence bias to be tested with viewers, not as a guarantee that viewers will name a particular emotion. Barratt et al. 2016 (the best-known replication) is paywalled; only its abstract was read.\n\nCurator qualifications: Calbi: 'Results clearly demonstrated the presence of a significant effect in terms of both valence and arousal in the fear condition only' and congruent categorisation (positive for Happiness, negative for Fear). Mullennix: 'faces depicted in the unpleasant context condition were perceived as calmer than in the other two conditions. Ratings across the neutral and pleasant conditions did not differ'; authors propose 'an arousal-based contrast effect'. Cao values per C3R-0030. Mobbs rights per C3R-0040. Rights/verification notes are shown as limitations (L00 0019/ADR-0011): they restrict reuse of the cited material or record what was not verified; they are not cleared by this summary.\n\nLimitations: [rights_conflict_record] eligible_rights_conflict_preserved\n\nEvidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.","citations":[{"url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0308295&type=printable","note":"see curator disposition"},{"url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5632723/fullTextXML","note":"see curator disposition"},{"url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0224623&type=printable","note":"see curator disposition"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12972553/","note":"see curator disposition"},{"url":"https://www.deanmobbslab.com/_files/ugd/df5a2c_00d97532bc18c49ec8de3cbe79bee995.pdf","note":"see curator disposition"},{"url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/5035188","note":"see curator disposition"}]},"categories":["T10","T20"],"tags":[],"language":"en","visibility":"public","moderation":{"state":"visible","reason":null},"evidence":{"inspection":"source_inspected","execution":"not_run","review":"unreviewed","review_revision":null,"claims":[{"url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0308295&type=printable","claim":"The 1920s footage is lost and the contemporary accounts conflict, so the classic claim rests on modern experiments. 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