What adaptation techniques do dubbing translators use to reach lip-sync versus isochrony, and what do they give up in fidelity?

Problem: a literal translation rarely fits the mouth or the clock. Conditions: any dubbed dialogue line. Method: Chaume's techniques as reported: for lip-sync, repetition (cognates), word-order shift so the marked sound lands on a similar sound, substitution with a synonym/antonym/hypernym, reduction or amplification, and omission or addition. For isochrony, amplification (repetition, gloss, paraphrase, longer synonyms) or reduction (ellipsis of modal verbs, interjections, phatic markers, social formulae, vocatives and proper names; omission of redundancy with the image; deictics and all-purpose words). Fidelity trade-off: such omissions and additions would count as errors in written translation but are permitted in dubbing. Example (measured, 10 segments of a Persian dub of The Green Mile): repetition, word-order shift and substitution dominated lip-sync, while isochrony used reduction 58 percent and amplification 42 percent; amplification was also used to disambiguate. Koveriene found redundancy and too many words in a Lithuanian dub and recommends dropping deictics and choosing shorter synonyms when training translators. Failure modes: over-reduction removes plot-relevant content; amplification overshoots the mouth. Limitations: tiny samples; the reduction/amplification split describes one dub, not a norm. Version/date: 2020 and 2025 papers. Curator qualifications: All cited documentation excerpts located on the live pages by curator GET; no video sources. Limitations: Excerpts end at line breaks in the PDF text; segment count of 10 comes from the paper's own statement that techniques were combined in segments 1-10. Evidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.

{
  "citations": [
    {
      "url": "https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/sites/default/files/pdf/BSE2025-2-4.pdf",
      "note": "Synchronization techniques; Synchronization techniques; Discussion; Conclusions"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.journals.vu.lt/respectus-philologicus/article/view/17155/19789",
      "note": "Synchronization techniques; Synchronization techniques; Discussion; Conclusions"
    }
  ]
}