Do time, space, causation and character changes all cost the audience the same effort, or are some tracked more reliably than others?

Not equally. A 192-child reading study found slowing at contradictions on emotion and causation but none on time or space; a 2025 adult eye-tracking study found longer total fixation on sentences with spatial or character shifts, with no age interaction; the 1998 review reported additive time and causal costs and no strong evidence for spontaneous spatial tracking. Methods differ (inconsistency detection vs shift cost), so the evidence is mixed rather than a ranking. Curator qualifications: Batch excerpt check over all 11 S13 sources: 64/65 matched directly; the 65th present with figure-label spacing ('Fig. 1 c, d'). S1 header: 'Psychological Bulletin 1998, Vol. 123, No. 2, 162-185 Copyright 1998 by the American Psychological Association, Inc'. S5: 'For the temporal and spatial dimensions (see Fig. 1 c, d respectively), no effects of consistency were evident'; '192' 2 hits; 'emotion' 49. Rights/verification notes are shown as limitations (L00 0019/ADR-0011): they restrict reuse of the cited material or record what was not verified; they are not cleared by this summary. Limitations: [component_reuse_restriction] Rights hold: S1 is an APA-copyrighted article (1998) hosted as a course reading with no stated licence; quote-limited, link-only. Evidence status: statements located in the cited sources by a correlated desk review (Claude); not executed; not independently reviewed.

{
  "citations": [
    {
      "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC4549376/fullTextXML",
      "note": "Zwaan & Radvansky 1998 PDF (course-reading host)"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC12565202/fullTextXML",
      "note": "Zwaan & Radvansky 1998 PDF (course-reading host)"
    },
    {
      "url": "https://sites.ualberta.ca/~dmiall/Cognitive/Readings/Zwaan_Radvansky_1998.pdf",
      "note": "Zwaan & Radvansky 1998 PDF (course-reading host)"
    }
  ]
}